新疆奎屯河水文特征分析

依据奎屯河1972~2006年的水文统计资料对河流水文特征进行了初步分析,结果表明:奎屯河属于多泥沙的季节性河流,流域降水稀少,蒸发旺盛;河流主要以冰川融雪水为补给源;正常径流量为6.18×108m3,径流年内分配不均,集中度高,年际变化相对稳定,变幅较小;水质为中性,矿化度不高。     

基于ArcGIS环境下DEM流域特征提取及应用

该文详细介绍了ArcGIS9.2中的水文分析工具箱的使用方法,包括从原始DEM数据提取河网的步骤、应注意的问题等。研究区域选取位于北京山区的红门川小流域,采用1∶10000的比例尺、10m分辨率的DEM作为基本的地形数据,应用ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS9.2地理信息系统软件进行流域水文信息特征的提取;并利用SWAT模型运行水文响应单元(HRUs)的生成,共生成了25个子流域和92个HRUs。经分析,得到的研究区域河网特征以及研究区其他常用的流域特征信息,与实际河流水系特征基本吻合,因此应用DEM划分的流域结果是合理的。     

基于SWAT模型的半城子水库流域径流模拟

该文应用分布式水文模型(SWAT模型)对半城子水库流域的径流状况进行模拟研究,并重点探讨森林植被变化对水文生态响应的影响。对半城子水库流域1990—1999年期间年、月径流进行模拟,以月径流模拟的效率系数、相对误差和相关系数3个指标为标准,对模型的敏感参数进行率定,并对2000—2006年的月径流进行验证模拟。结果表明,该模型适用于半城子水库流域的径流模拟,且精度较高。然后基于SWAT模型的模拟分析结果,应用GIS的空间分析功能,分析了半城子水库流域在1990、1995、2000和2005年的径流分布以及不同土地利用类型对水文响应影响的贡献。结果表明,降雨和土地利用变化对径流产生了较大的影响。降雨较多的月份,产生的径流也较大;降雨较少的月份,产生的径流也较小。土地利用的变化主要表现在灌木林和针叶林面积的减少和阔叶林面积的增加,相应的水文变化表现为径流量的减少。其中,针叶林和针阔混交林产生的径流量最大。     

武夷山甜槠常绿阔叶林林分降水分量特征

2004年对武夷山甜槠林不同水文分量定位观测,探讨甜槠林森林水文与降水的关系 .结果表明:1)2004年共发生降水219次,年降水量1 767.4 mm,穿透水、茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1 304.9、245.0和217.5 mm;穿透率、茎流率和截留率分别为73.8%、 13.9%和12.3%;2)同次降水中,林内不同位置的穿透雨量差异显著,穿透水量与大气降水量之间存在明显的线性关系;3)随着胸径的增加,茎流量减小,形成茎流的时间推迟;4)当降水量<202.1 mm时,林冠截留量随着降水量的增加而增加;当降水量超过202.1 mm后,林冠截留量趋于定值52.5 mm.     

Integration of economic and hydrologic models: Exploring conjunctive irrigation water use strategies in the Volta Basin

We describe the development, calibration and preliminary application of a dynamically coupled economic–hydrologic simulation–optimization model ensemble for evaluating the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in small reservoir-based irrigation systems characteristic of the Volta Basin, Africa. We focus on a representative small reservoir-irrigation system located in the Antakwidi catchment in Ghana. The model ensemble consists of the physical hydrology model WaSiM-ETH and an economic optimization model written in GAMS. Results include optimal water storage and allocation regimes for irrigated production, given conjunctive surface water and groundwater systems. The goal of our research, conducted within the GLOWA Volta project, is to develop a decision support system for improving the management of land and water resources in the face of potential environmental change in the Volta Basin.     

一种改进的基于混沌吸引子的径流降尺度分析

基于混沌理论，研究水文科学的尺度问题，将混沌分析方法应用于径流的降尺度计算。通过分析大时间尺度的年径流量分解到小时间尺度的月径流量的分解系数的混沌特征量，论证了分解系数具有混沌特性。在此基础上，对分解系数的预测方法提出改进意见并给出具体算法。然后根据预测结果进行月径流量的降尺度计算。实例研究表明，改进的算法用于径流量的降尺度分析具有明显的优点。     

土地综合整治对农户生计韧性的影响效应及机制分析 ——以湖北省部分县市为例

研究土地综合整治对农户生计韧性的影响，对科学研判土地综合整治的实践效应、实现农户生计的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于湖北省部分县市的农户调研数据，运用双重差分模型探讨土地综合整治对农户生计韧性的影响效应。基准回归结果表明，土地综合整治可促使农户生计脆弱性显著降低，并显著提高其生计恢复力和生计韧性，且多种检验均显示研究结果稳健。异质性分析发现，土地综合整治对不同类型农户生计韧性的提升作用呈现“低收入—低依赖”>“高收入—低依赖”>“低收入—高依赖”>“高收入—高依赖”的分异特征，还受到地貌类型差异的影响，平原地区土地综合整治对农户生计韧性的提升效果大于丘陵地区。因此，土地综合整治应遵循“以人为本、夯实民生”的发展理念，树立统筹协调的系统治理观，全面优化农地功能与效能，构建低环境风险、良性运转的土地可持续利用格局，坚持“输血”与“造血”并举，因地制宜挖潜区域产业特色，才能有效降低农户生计脆弱性、增强其内生发展动力，实现农户生计的韧性发展。     

Urbanization Development under Climate Change: Hydrological Responses in a Peri‐Urban Mediterranean Catchment

Relatively few studies have so far investigated the hydrological impacts of urbanization in Mediterranean catchments, and particularly in peri‐urban catchments experiencing relatively rapid and large changes in their land‐use mosaic. This study uses data‐based model simulations to investigate such impacts, with the Ribeira dos Covões catchment in Portugal as a concrete Mediterranean peri‐urban catchment example. We distinguish the impacts of urbanization from those of climatic change on the water flux partitioning and connectivity in the catchment over the period 1958–2013. Decrease in precipitation over this period has primarily driven decreases in annual runoff and actual evapotranspiration, while the urbanization development has primarily changed the relative flux partitioning and connectivity pattern in the catchment. The relative contribution of overland flow to annual and seasonal runoff has increased, keeping the absolute overland flow more or less intact, while the baseflow contribution to the stream network has decreased. Methodologically, the present simulation approach provides a relevant means for distinguishing main drivers of change in hydrological flux partitioning and connectivity under concurrent urbanization and climatic changes. © 2017 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Reconciling poverty alleviation with reduction in fisheries capacity: boat aid in post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract  The tremendous loss of life and assets resulting from the 2004 tsunami dealt a devastating blow to the coastal communities of Aceh Province, Indonesia. An assessment of the fishing fleet structure pre- and post-tsunami, including associated pattern in boat aid, in 15 coastal communities was conducted and compared with data on boat relief efforts over 17 districts of the Province. Aid was found to be not proportionally allocated to losses incurred by communities and was in many cases below what could be seen as a trend toward overcapacity. The distribution of aid appeared to be done without consideration of the former structure of the fleet, which changed significantly over time (pre- and post-tsunami), and resulted in a new fleet of reduced diversity with a strong focus on the smaller boat categories. If this situation perpetuates after the initial post-disaster period, it may further exacerbate the pre-existing economic and geographic marginalisation of some remote communities, and reduce the capacities of the fleets to diversify and develop multi-species harvesting strategies; thus, increasing the risk of ecologically unsustainable exploitation in near shore areas.     

近50年来黄河源区水文要素周期性分析及模拟

寒区水文过程是寒区生态系统中的重要环节之一,水热状况将直接决定高寒地区的生态环境状况.用滑动趋势法和墨西哥帽状小波变化分别获取了研究区域近50年来气候变化的年际年代变化及其周期分析,基于青藏高原太阳辐射平衡已有成果,结合联合国粮农组织推荐的彭曼-蒙蒂斯模型,对于达日县可能蒸散发进行了数值模拟.得出以下主要结论:近50年来达日县降水年增加率为0.557 mm/a,而该县最大可能蒸散发量的年增加率为0.132 mm/a,气候总体趋势是由干旱向湿润方向发生转变;达日县年气温序列主要呈现20 a、15 a、7 a和5 a的周期振荡,年降水序列表现为15～20 a和7～8 a的周期振荡;近20年来可能蒸散发呈递减的趋势,汛期序列递减率为0.046 7 mm/a,冬春序列递减率为0.108 4 mm/a.